Menene waldar baka?

Electrode arc walda ita ce hanyar walda wacce aka fi amfani da ita wajen samar da masana'antu.Ƙarfen ɗin da za a yi walda shi ne sandar igiya ɗaya, kuma wutar lantarki ita ce ɗayan sandar.Lokacin da sandunan biyu suna kusa da juna, ana haifar da baka.Ana amfani da zafin da ake samu ta hanyar fitar da baka (wanda aka fi sani da arc combustion) don haɗa wutar lantarki tare da kayan aikin narke juna da samar da walda bayan haɗawa, don samun tsarin walda tare da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi.

Hoto 1. Tarihin walda

Takaitaccen tarihin

Bayan gwaje-gwajen walda da yawa a farkon karni na 19, wani Bature mai suna Willard ya fara samun takardar shaidar yin walda ta baka a shekara ta 1865. Ya yi amfani da wutar lantarki ya ratsa ta cikin kananan guda biyu na karfe don samun nasarar hada su, kuma bayan kimanin shekaru ashirin, wani dan kasar Rasha. mai suna Bernard ya sami takardar izini don tsarin waldawar baka.Ya kiyaye baka tsakanin sandar carbon da kayan aiki.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da baka da hannu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar kayan aikin, an haɗa kayan aikin da za a yi wa walda tare.A cikin 1890s, an ƙera ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe a matsayin electrode, wanda aka cinye a cikin narkakken tafkin kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙarfe na walda.Koyaya, iskar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin iska sun haifar da oxides masu cutarwa da nitrides a cikin ƙarfen walda., Ta haka yana haifar da rashin ingancin walda.

A farkon karni na 20, an fahimci mahimmancin kare baka don guje wa shigar da iska, kuma yin amfani da zafi na arc don lalata rufin cikin lantarki na garkuwar gas mai kariya ya zama hanya mafi kyau.A tsakiyar shekarun 1920, an samar da na'urar da aka lullube, wanda ya inganta ingancin karfen da aka yi masa.A lokaci guda, yana iya zama mafi mahimmancin sauyi na walda na baka.Babban kayan aiki a cikin tsarin waldawa sun haɗa da na'urar waldawa ta lantarki, kayan walda da abin rufe fuska.

 Hoto 2. Ka'idar walda

Ka'ida

Bakin walda yana aiki da tushen wutar lantarki.A karkashin aikin wani irin ƙarfin lantarki, wani abu mai ƙarfi kuma mai ɗorewa yana faruwa tsakanin lantarki (da ƙarshen walda ko sandar walda) da kayan aiki.Ma'anar walda arc shine gas conduction, wato, tsaka tsakin iskar gas da ke sararin samaniya inda arc yake yana lalacewa zuwa ions masu inganci masu inganci da kuma mummunan cajin electrons a ƙarƙashin aikin wani ƙarfin lantarki, wanda ake kira ionization.Waɗannan barbashi biyun da aka caje ana kai su zuwa sandunan biyu.Motsin kai tsaye yana sa iskar gas ɗin gida ke sarrafa wutar lantarki don samar da baka.Arc na lantarki yana canza makamashin lantarki zuwa zafi, wanda ke zafi da narkar da karfe don samar da haɗin gwiwa.

Bayan an shigar da baka zuwa "kyauta", tsarin fitarwa da kansa zai iya samar da ɓangarorin da aka caje da ake buƙata don ci gaba da fitar da fitarwa, wanda shine yanayin fitar da kai.Kuma tsarin fitarwa na baka yana da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki, babban halin yanzu, babban zafin jiki da haske mai ƙarfi.Tare da wannan tsari, ana canza makamashin lantarki zuwa zafi, inji da makamashin haske.Welding yafi amfani da zafin zafi da makamashin injin don cimma manufar haɗa karafa.

A lokacin walda, baka yana konewa tsakanin sandar walda da kayan aikin walda, yana narkewa da kayan aikin da jigon wutar lantarki don samar da narkakken tafkin.A lokaci guda kuma, murfin lantarki kuma yana narkewa, kuma wani nau'in sinadari yana faruwa don samar da slag da iskar gas, wanda ke ba da kariya ga ƙarshen electrode, ɗigon ruwa, narkakken tafkin da ƙarfe mai zafi mai zafi.

Babban rarrabawa

Hanyoyin walda na yau da kullun sun haɗa da Garkuwar Karfe Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Weld (GTAW ko TIG waldi), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) da Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW, MIG ko Mag waldi). ) da sauransu.

Hoto 3. E7018 walda lantarki

Garkuwar Karfe Arc Welding (SMAW)

Shield karfe baka waldi yana amfani da lantarki da workpiece a matsayin biyu electrodes, da zafi da hurawa da karfi na baka ana amfani da gida narke workpiece a lokacin waldi.A lokaci guda kuma, a ƙarƙashin aikin zafi na baka, ƙarshen wutar lantarki yana narkewa don samar da droplet, kuma aikin aikin yana narkar da wani yanki don samar da rami mai tsayi mai cike da ƙarfe mai ruwa.Ƙarfin ruwa da aka narkar da shi da ɗigon kayan aikin sun zama tafki narkakkar.A lokacin aikin walda, sutura da waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba sune abubuwan da aka haɗa su narke juna kuma suna samar da wani abu mara ƙarfe wanda ba ya rufe saman walda ta hanyar canjin sinadarai da ake kira slag.Yayin da baka ke motsawa, tafkin narkakkar yana yin sanyi kuma yana da ƙarfi don samar da walƙiya.Muna da lantarki walda daban-daban don SMAW, mafi mashahuri samfuran suneE6010, E6011, E6013, E7016, E7018, kuma donbakin karfe, jefa baƙin ƙarfe, wuya surfacingda dai sauransu.

 Hoto 4. Submerged arc waldi

Waldawar Arc (SAW)

Waldawar baka mai nutsewa hanya ce wacce baka ke konewa a karkashin madaurin walda.Ƙarfe na lantarki da ake amfani da shi wajen waldawar baka mai nitsewa, waya ce mara amfani wacce ake shigar da ita kai tsaye ba tare da katsewa ba.Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da trolley ɗin walda ko wasu na'urorin inji da na lantarki don gane motsin baka na atomatik yayin aikin walda.Bakin walda mai nutsewa a cikin ruwa yana ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙolin granular.Zafin baka yana narkewa kuma yana fitar da sassan da baka na kayan aikin ke aiki kai tsaye, da ƙarshen wayan walda da juyi, da tururin ƙarfe da juyi suna ƙafe don samar da rufaffiyar rami kewaye da baka.Kone a cikin wannan rami.Kogon yana kewaye da wani fim ɗin slag wanda aka haɗa da slag ɗin da aka samar ta hanyar narkewar ruwa.Wannan fim ɗin ba wai kawai ya keɓe iska daga haɗuwa da baka da narkakken tafkin ba, amma kuma yana hana baka daga haskakawa.Wayar walda mai tsanani da narkar da baka ta faɗo a cikin nau'i na ɗigon ruwa kuma tana haɗuwa da narkakkar kayan aikin ƙarfe don samar da narkakkar tafkin.Ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara mai yawa yana yawo a kan narkakken tafkin.Baya ga keɓewar injina da kariyar ƙarfe na narkakkar tafki, narkakkar slag kuma yana jurewa wani nau'i na ƙarfe tare da narkakkar tafki yayin aikin walda, ta haka yana shafar sinadarai na ƙarfen walda.Arc ɗin yana tafiya gaba, kuma ƙarfen tafkin da aka narkar da shi a hankali ya huce ya yi crystallizes don samar da walda.Bayan narkakkar da ke shawagi a ɓangaren sama na narkakkar tafki ya yi sanyi, ana yin ɓawon burodi don ci gaba da kare weld ɗin a yanayin zafi da kuma hana shi yin iskar oxygen.Muna ba da gudummawa ga SAW,SJ101,SJ301,SJ302

Hoto 5. Gas Tungsten Arc Weld-TIG

Gas Tungsten Arc Weld/Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (GTAW ko TIG)

welding TIG yana nufin hanyar walda ta baka da ke amfani da tungsten ko tungsten gami (thorium tungsten, cerium tungsten, da sauransu) azaman lantarki da argon a matsayin iskar kariya, wanda ake kira TIG walda ko walda GTAW.Lokacin waldawa, ana iya ƙara ƙarfe ko ba'a ƙarawa bisa ga nau'in tsagi na walda da aikin ƙarfen walda.Ana ƙara ƙarfe mai filler yawanci daga gaban baka.Saboda musamman aluminum-magnesium da gami kayan, AC tungsten baka waldi ake bukata don waldi, da kuma DC tungsten baka waldi da ake amfani da sauran karfe kayan.Domin sarrafa shigar da zafi, pulsed argon tungsten arc waldi ana ƙara amfani da shi sosai.Wayoyin walda na TIG da aka fi amfani dasu suneSaukewa: AWS ER70S-6, Saukewa: ER80S-G,Saukewa: ER4043,Saukewa: ER5356,HS221da sauransu.

 Hoto 5. Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)

Plasma arc wani nau'i ne na baka na musamman.Har ila yau, arc tungsten ne ko tungsten gami (thorium tungsten, cerium tungsten, da dai sauransu) azaman na'urar lantarki, ta amfani da argon azaman iskar gas mai karewa, amma tungsten electrode ba ya fitowa daga cikin bututun ƙarfe, amma ya ja da baya Ciki bututun ƙarfe, bututun ƙarfe. mai sanyaya ruwa ne, wanda kuma aka sani da bututun mai sanyaya ruwa.Gas din da ba ya aiki ya kasu kashi biyu, kashi daya shi ne iskar da ke fitarwa tsakanin injin tungsten da bututun sanyaya ruwa, wanda ake kira ion gas;Wani bangare kuma shine iskar gas da ke fita tsakanin bututun mai sanyaya ruwa da katon iskar gas mai kariya, wanda ake kira Gas Gas, ta yin amfani da baka na plasma a matsayin tushen zafi don walda, yanke, fesa, surfacing, da sauransu.

 Hoto 5 Karfe-Inert Gas Welding

Karfe Inert Gas Welding (MIG)

MIG waldi yana nufin cewa walda waya ta maye gurbin tungsten lantarki.Wayar walda da kanta tana ɗaya daga cikin sandunan baka, tana yin aikin sarrafa wutar lantarki da harbi, kuma a lokaci guda da kayan cikawa, wanda ake ci gaba da narke a cikin walda a ƙarƙashin aikin baka.Gas mai karewa da aka saba amfani da shi a kusa da baka na iya zama iskar inert Ar, iskar gas CO₂, ko kuma AR+CO₂gauraye gas.MIG waldi wanda ke amfani da Ar azaman iskar gas ana kiransa MIG waldi;MIG waldi mai amfani da CO₂kamar yadda garkuwar gas ake kira CO₂waldi.Mafi mashahuri MIG suneSaukewa: AWS ER70S-6, Saukewa: ER80S-G.

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