Weldability na karfe kayan yana nufin iya karfe kayan don samun kyakkyawan walda gidajen abinci ta yin amfani da wasu hanyoyin walda, ciki har da walda hanyoyin, waldi kayan, waldi bayani dalla-dalla da waldi tsarin siffofin.Idan karfe zai iya samun kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwar walda ta amfani da hanyoyin walda na gama gari da sauƙi, ana ɗaukarsa yana da kyakkyawan aikin walda.The weldability na karfe kayan ne kullum zuwa kashi biyu al'amurran: tsari weldability da aikace-aikace weldability.
Tsarin waldawa: yana nufin iyawar samun kyakykyawan kyakykyawan gaɓoɓin welded mara lahani a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayin tsarin walda.Ba wani asali na ƙarfe ba ne, amma ana kimanta shi bisa wata hanyar walda da takamaiman matakan tsari da aka yi amfani da su.Saboda haka, tsarin weldability na kayan ƙarfe yana da alaƙa da tsarin walda.
Weldability na sabis: yana nufin matakin da haɗin gwiwar welded ko duka tsarin ya dace da aikin sabis da aka ƙayyade ta yanayin fasaha na samfur.Ayyukan ya dogara da yanayin aiki na tsarin welded da kuma buƙatun fasaha da aka gabatar a cikin zane.Yawancin lokaci sun haɗa da kaddarorin inji, ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin zafin jiki, juriya ga karaya, babban zafin jiki mai raɗaɗi, kaddarorin gajiya, ƙarfi mai ɗorewa, juriya na lalata da juriya, da sauransu. Misali, S30403 da S31603 bakin karfe da aka saba amfani da su suna da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, da 16MnDR. da 09MnNiDR ƙananan ƙananan karafa suma suna da kyakkyawan juriya mai ƙarancin zafin jiki.
Abubuwan da ke shafar aikin walda na kayan ƙarfe
1.Material abubuwan
Kayan aiki sun haɗa da ƙarfe na tushe da kayan walda.A karkashin irin wannan yanayin walda, manyan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade weldability na tushe karfe ne na jiki da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki.
Dangane da kaddarorin jiki: dalilai kamar narkewar batu, haɓakawar thermal, haɓaka haɓaka madaidaiciya madaidaiciya, yawa, ƙarfin zafi da sauran abubuwan ƙarfe duk suna da tasiri akan tafiyar matakai kamar zagayowar thermal, narkewa, crystallization, canjin lokaci, da sauransu. , ta haka rinjayar weldability.Kayayyakin da ke da ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki kamar bakin karfe suna da manyan matakan zafin jiki, babban damuwa mai saura, da babban nakasu yayin walda.Bugu da ƙari, saboda tsawon lokacin zama a babban zafin jiki, hatsi a cikin yankin da ke fama da zafi yana girma, wanda ke da lahani ga aikin haɗin gwiwa.Bakin ƙarfe na Austenitic yana da babban adadin faɗaɗa na layi da ƙaƙƙarfan nakasar haɗin gwiwa da damuwa.
Dangane da tsarin sinadarai, abin da ya fi tasiri shi ne carbon, wanda ke nufin cewa abun da ke cikin carbon ɗin da ke cikin ƙarfe yana ƙayyade ƙarfinsa.Yawancin sauran abubuwan haɗakarwa a cikin ƙarfe ba su da amfani ga walda, amma tasirin su gabaɗaya ya fi na carbon.Yayin da abun ciki na carbon a cikin karfe ya karu, yanayin taurin yana ƙaruwa, filastik yana raguwa, kuma fashewar walda yana yiwuwa ya faru.Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da hankali na kayan ƙarfe zuwa fashe a lokacin walda da canje-canje a cikin kayan aikin injiniya na yankin haɗin gwiwa na welded azaman manyan alamomi don kimanta haɓakar kayan.Saboda haka, mafi girma da carbon abun ciki, da muni da weldability.Ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon da ƙananan ƙarfe tare da abun ciki na carbon da ke ƙasa da 0.25% suna da kyakkyawan filastik da tasiri mai ƙarfi, kuma filastik da tasirin tasirin abubuwan da aka haɗa bayan waldawa suna da kyau sosai.Preheating da post-weld magani zafi ba a bukatar a lokacin waldi, da waldi tsari ne mai sauki sarrafa, don haka yana da kyau weldability.
Bugu da kari, yanayin narkewa da mirgina, yanayin kula da zafi, yanayin kungiya, da sauransu na karfe duk suna shafar walda zuwa digiri daban-daban.Ana iya inganta weldability na karfe ta hanyar tacewa ko tsaftace hatsi da tsarin mirgina sarrafawa.
Kayan walda kai tsaye suna shiga cikin jerin halayen ƙarfe na sinadarai yayin aikin walda, waɗanda ke ƙayyade abun da ke ciki, tsari, kaddarorin da lahani samuwar ƙarfen weld.Idan an zaɓi kayan walda ba daidai ba kuma ba su dace da ƙarfe na tushe ba, ba kawai za a sami haɗin gwiwa wanda ya dace da buƙatun amfani ba, amma kuma za a gabatar da lahani irin su tsagewa da canje-canjen kayan gini.Sabili da haka, ainihin zaɓi na kayan walda shine muhimmin mahimmanci don tabbatar da ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa.
2. Abubuwan da ake aiwatarwa
Abubuwan da ake aiwatarwa sun haɗa da hanyoyin waldawa, sigogin tsarin walda, jerin waldawa, preheating, bayan dumama da jiyya mai zafi, da sauransu.
Hanyoyi daban-daban na walda suna da tushen zafi daban-daban dangane da iko, yawan kuzari, matsakaicin zafin jiki, da dai sauransu. Karfe welded ƙarƙashin maɓuɓɓugar zafi daban-daban za su nuna kaddarorin walda daban-daban.Misali, ikon walda na electroslag yana da girma sosai, amma yawan kuzarin yana da ƙasa sosai, kuma matsakaicin zafin jiki na dumama ba shi da yawa.Dumama yana jinkirin lokacin walda, kuma lokacin zama na zafin jiki yana da tsayi, yana haifar da ƙananan hatsi a cikin yankin da ke fama da zafi da kuma raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tasirin tasiri, wanda dole ne a daidaita shi.Don ingantawa.Sabanin haka, waldawar wutar lantarki, waldawar Laser da sauran hanyoyin suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi, amma ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da saurin dumama.Lokacin zama na yawan zafin jiki yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, yankin da zafin ya shafa yana da kunkuntar, kuma babu haɗarin ci gaban hatsi.
Daidaita sigogin tsarin walda da ɗaukar wasu matakan tsari kamar preheating, postheating, walƙiya da yawa da sarrafa zafin jiki na iya daidaitawa da sarrafa zagayowar walda, ta haka canza weldability na ƙarfe.Idan matakan kamar preheating kafin walda ko maganin zafi bayan ɗaukar walda, abu ne mai yuwuwa gaba ɗaya a sami mahaɗaɗɗen haɗin gwiwa ba tare da lahani waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun aiki ba.
3. Abubuwan tsari
Yawanci yana nufin nau'in ƙira na tsarin welded da haɗin gwiwar welded, irin su tasirin abubuwan kamar tsarin tsari, girman, kauri, nau'in tsagi na haɗin gwiwa, shimfidar weld da siffar giciye akan weldability.Tasirinsa yana nunawa a cikin canja wurin zafi da yanayin karfi.Kauri daban-daban na farantin, nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa daban-daban ko sifofin tsagi suna da kwatancen saurin canja wurin zafi daban-daban da ƙimar, wanda zai shafi jagorar crystallization da ci gaban hatsi na narkakken tafkin.Maɓalli na tsari, kauri farantin karfe da tsarin walda sun ƙayyade ƙima da ƙuntatawa na haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke rinjayar yanayin damuwa na haɗin gwiwa.Rashin ilimin halittar jiki mara kyau, matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa mai yawa na walda sune ainihin yanayin samuwar fasa walda.A cikin ƙira, rage ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa, rage ƙetare walda, da rage abubuwa daban-daban da ke haifar da ƙaddamar da damuwa duk mahimman matakan inganta weldability.
4. Sharuɗɗan amfani
Yana nufin yanayin zafin aiki, yanayin kaya da matsakaicin aiki yayin lokacin sabis na tsarin walda.Waɗannan mahallin aiki da yanayin aiki suna buƙatar tsarin walda don samun aikin da ya dace.Misali, sifofi masu welded da ke aiki a ƙananan zafin jiki dole ne su sami juriyar karyewa;Tsarin da ke aiki a babban yanayin zafi dole ne su sami juriya mai raɗaɗi;Tsarin da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin madaidaicin lodi dole ne ya sami juriya mai kyau na gajiya;Tsarin da ke aiki a cikin acid, alkali ko kafofin watsa labarai na gishiri Akwatin welded yakamata ya sami babban juriya na lalata da sauransu.A takaice, mafi tsananin yanayin amfani, mafi girman ingancin buƙatun don haɗin gwiwar welded, kuma yana da wahala don tabbatar da weldability na kayan.
Ganewa da kimantawa index of weldability na karfe kayan
A lokacin aikin walda, samfurin yana jure wa tsarin waldawar thermal, halayen ƙarfe, da damuwa na walda da nakasawa, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin sinadarai, tsarin metallographic, girman da siffar, yin aikin haɗin gwiwar welded sau da yawa ya bambanta da na kayan tushe, wani lokacin ma ba zai iya cika buƙatun amfani ba.Don yawancin karafa masu raɗaɗi ko masu hana ruwa gudu, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyoyin walda na musamman kamar walƙiyar igiyar lantarki ko waldar laser don samun haɗin gwiwa masu inganci.Ƙananan yanayin kayan aiki da ƙananan wahalar da ake buƙata don yin haɗin haɗin gwiwa mai kyau daga kayan aiki, mafi kyawun haɓaka kayan aiki;akasin haka, idan hadaddun hanyoyin waldawa masu tsada da tsada, ana buƙatar kayan walda na musamman da matakan tsari, yana nufin cewa kayan walƙiya mara kyau.
Lokacin kera samfuran, dole ne a fara auna waldar kayan da aka yi amfani da su don tantance ko zaɓaɓɓen kayan tsarin, kayan walda, da hanyoyin walda sun dace.Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don kimanta weldability na kayan.Kowace hanya za ta iya bayyana wani yanki ne kawai na weldability.Don haka, ana buƙatar gwaje-gwaje don cikakken tantance walƙiya.Ana iya raba hanyoyin gwaji zuwa nau'in kwaikwayo da nau'in gwaji.Tsohon simulates da dumama da sanyaya halaye na waldi;na karshen gwaje-gwaje bisa ga ainihin yanayin walda.A gwajin abun ciki ne yafi gane da sinadaran abun da ke ciki, metallographic tsarin, inji Properties, da kasancewar ko rashi na waldi lahani na tushe karfe da weld karfe, da kuma sanin low-zazzabi yi, high-zazzabi yi, lalata juriya, da kuma tsaga juriya na haɗin welded.
Halayen walda na kayan ƙarfe da aka saba amfani da su
1. Welding na carbon karfe
(1) Welding na low carbon karfe
Low carbon karfe yana da low carbon abun ciki, low manganese da silicon abun ciki.A karkashin yanayi na al'ada, ba zai haifar da tsananin taurin tsarin ko tsarin kashewa ba saboda walda.Irin wannan karfe yana da kyakyawan filastik da tasiri mai tasiri, kuma robobi da kauri na welded ɗinsa shima yana da kyau sosai.Ba a buƙatar preheating da postheating gabaɗaya yayin waldawa, kuma ba a buƙatar matakan tsari na musamman don samun gidajen welded tare da inganci mai gamsarwa.Sabili da haka, ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon yana da kyakkyawan aikin walda kuma shine karfe tare da mafi kyawun aikin walda tsakanin duk karafa..
(2) Welding na matsakaici carbon karfe
Medium carbon karfe yana da mafi girma carbon abun ciki da kuma weldability ya fi muni fiye da low carbon karfe.Lokacin da CE yana kusa da ƙananan iyaka (0.25%), walƙiya yana da kyau.Yayin da abun ciki na carbon ya karu, haɓakar taurin yana ƙaruwa, kuma ana samun sauƙin samar da tsarin martensite mai ƙarancin filastik a cikin yankin da ke fama da zafi.Lokacin da walda ɗin ya kasance mai ƙarfi ko kuma kayan walda da sigogin tsari ba daidai ba ne aka zaɓa, fashewar sanyi na iya faruwa.A lokacin walda na farko Layer na Multi-Layer waldi, saboda babban rabo na tushe karfe hade a cikin walda, da carbon abun ciki, sulfur da phosphorus abun ciki na karuwa, sa shi sauki samar da zafi fasa.Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙwalwar stomatal kuma yana ƙaruwa lokacin da abun ciki na carbon ya yi girma.
(3) Welding na high carbon karfe
Babban karfen carbon tare da CE sama da 0.6% yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi kuma yana da yuwuwar samar da ƙarfi da gaggautsa high carbon martensite.Fasassun suna da saurin faruwa a cikin walda da wuraren da zafi ya shafa, yana sa walda ke da wahala.Don haka, ba a amfani da irin wannan nau'in ƙarfe gabaɗaya don yin sifofi na walda, amma ana amfani da shi don yin abubuwa ko sassa masu ƙarfi ko juriya.Mafi yawan waldansu shine gyara abubuwan da suka lalace.Wajibi ne a goge wadannan sassa da abubuwan da aka gyara kafin a gyara walda don rage tsagewar walda, sannan a sake maganin zafi bayan walda.
2. Welding na low gami high ƙarfi karfe
Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon na ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi gabaɗaya baya wuce 0.20%, kuma jimlar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa gabaɗaya baya wuce 5%.Daidai ne saboda ƙarancin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi yana ƙunshe da adadin abubuwan gami waɗanda aikin waldansa ya ɗan bambanta da na carbon karfe.Siffofin waldanta sune kamar haka:
(1) Tsagewar walda a cikin mahaɗar welded
Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi mai sanyi ya ƙunshi C, Mn, V, Nb da sauran abubuwan da ke ƙarfafa ƙarfe, don haka yana da sauƙi a taurare yayin walda.Waɗannan surori masu tauri suna da hankali sosai.Saboda haka, lokacin da rigidity ya yi girma ko ƙuntatawa yana da girma, idan tsarin walda mara kyau zai iya haifar da fashewar sanyi.Haka kuma, irin wannan tsaga yana da ɗan jinkiri kuma yana da illa sosai.
Reheat (SR) Fashewar Reheat fashe fashe ne na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin yanki mai ƙaƙƙarfan hatsi kusa da layin haɗin gwiwa yayin jiyya na zafi mai zafi bayan walƙiya ko aiki mai tsayi na dogon lokaci.An yi imani da cewa yana faruwa ne saboda yawan zafin jiki na walda yana haifar da V, Nb, Cr, Mo da sauran carbides kusa da HAZ don zama m narkar da austenite.Ba su da lokacin yin hazo yayin sanyaya bayan walda, amma tarwatsawa da hazo yayin PWHT, don haka ƙarfafa tsarin crystal.A ciki, nakasawa mai raɗaɗi a lokacin shakatawa na damuwa yana mai da hankali a kan iyakokin hatsi.
Low-alloy high- ƙarfi karfe welded gidajen abinci gaba ɗaya ba su yiwuwa a sake zafi fasa, kamar 16MnR, 15MnVR, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, ga Mn-Mo-Nb da Mn-Mo-V jerin low-alloy high-karfe, irin su. 07MnCrMoVR, tun da Nb, V, da Mo sune abubuwan da ke da karfin hankali don sake zazzagewa, irin wannan nau'in karfe yana buƙatar kulawa yayin maganin zafi bayan walda.Ya kamata a kula don kauce wa yanayin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na fashewar fashewar don hana faruwar fashewar sake zafi.
(2) Ƙwaƙwalwa da laushin haɗin gwiwa
Matsi tsufa embrittlement Welded gidajen abinci suna bukatar sha daban-daban sanyi matakai (blank shearing, ganga mirgina, da dai sauransu) kafin waldi.Karfe zai haifar da nakasar filastik.Idan yankin ya kara zafi zuwa 200 zuwa 450 ° C, tsufa zai faru..Ƙunƙarar daɗaɗɗen tsufa zai rage filastik na ƙarfe kuma yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na canzawa, yana haifar da karaya na kayan aiki.Maganin zafi bayan walda zai iya kawar da irin wannan nau'in tsufa na tsarin walda da mayar da tauri.
Ƙirƙirar walda da wuraren da zafi ya shafa Welding wani tsari ne na dumama da sanyaya mara daidaituwa, yana haifar da tsari mara daidaituwa.Matsakaicin zafin jiki na walda (WM) da yankin da ke fama da zafi (HAZ) ya fi na tushen ƙarfe kuma shine hanyar haɗin gwiwa mai rauni a cikin haɗin gwiwa.Welding line makamashi yana da muhimmiyar tasiri a kan kaddarorin low-alloy high-karfe WM da HAZ.Ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi yana da sauƙin taurare.Idan makamashin layin ya yi ƙanƙanta, martensite zai bayyana a cikin HAZ kuma yana haifar da fasa.Idan makamashin layin ya yi girma, hatsi na WM da HAZ za su zama m.Zai sa haɗin gwiwa ya zama tsinke.Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe mai zafi da na al'ada, ƙarancin carbon da aka kashe da ƙarfe mai zafi yana da ɗabi'a mai tsanani ga ƙwanƙwasa HAZ wanda ya haifar da wuce kima na makamashin layi.Don haka, lokacin walda, ya kamata a iyakance ƙarfin layin zuwa wani kewayon.
Yin laushi na yankin da ke fama da zafi na haɗin gwiwar welded Sakamakon aikin zafi na walda, waje na yankin da ke fama da zafi (HAZ) na ƙananan carbon quenched da ƙananan ƙarfe yana mai zafi sama da zafin jiki, musamman wurin da ke kusa da Ac1. wanda zai samar da yanki mai laushi tare da rage ƙarfi.Tsarin laushi a cikin yankin HAZ yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki na layin walda da zafin jiki na preheating, amma gabaɗaya ƙarfin ƙarfi a cikin yanki mai laushi har yanzu yana da girma fiye da ƙananan ƙimar daidaitattun ƙimar tushe na ƙarfe, don haka yankin da zafin ya shafa. na irin wannan nau'in karfe yana yin laushi Muddin aikin ya dace, matsalar ba za ta shafi aikin haɗin gwiwa ba.
3. Welding na bakin karfe
Bakin karfe za a iya raba hudu Categories bisa ga daban-daban karfe Tsarin, wato austenitic bakin karfe, ferritic bakin karfe, martensitic bakin karfe, da austenitic-ferritic duplex bakin karfe.Abubuwan da ke biyo baya suna nazarin halayen walda na austenitic bakin karfe da bidirectional bakin karfe.
(1) Welding na austenitic bakin karfe
Austenitic bakin karfe yana da sauƙin walda fiye da sauran bakin karfe.Ba za a sami canjin lokaci ba a kowane zafin jiki kuma ba shi da kula da haɓakar hydrogen.Austenitic bakin karfe hadin gwiwa kuma yana da kyau filastik da tauri a cikin welded jihar.Babban matsalolin walda sune: walda zafi mai fashewa, embrittlement, lalatawar intergranular da lalata danniya, da dai sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, saboda rashin daidaituwa na thermal conductivity da kuma babban haɓakaccen haɓakaccen layin layi, damuwa walda da nakasawa suna da girma.Lokacin waldawa, shigar da zafin walda ya kamata ya zama ƙanƙanta kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma kada a sami preheating, kuma ya kamata a rage yawan zafin jiki na interlayer.Ya kamata a kula da zafin jiki a ƙasa da 60 ° C, kuma haɗin gwiwar walda ya kamata a yi tagulla.Don rage shigar da zafi, bai kamata a ƙara saurin walda da yawa ba, amma ya kamata a rage yawan walda da kyau.
(2) Welding na austenitic-ferritic bakin karfe mai hanya biyu
Austenitic-ferritic duplex bakin karfe ne mai duplex bakin karfe hada da matakai biyu: austenite da ferrite.Ya haɗu da abũbuwan amfãni na austenitic karfe da ferritic karfe, don haka yana da halaye na high ƙarfi, mai kyau lalata juriya da kuma sauki waldi.A halin yanzu, akwai manyan nau'ikan bakin karfe guda uku: Cr18, Cr21, da Cr25.Babban halayen irin wannan nau'in walda na karfe sune: ƙananan yanayin zafi idan aka kwatanta da austenitic bakin karfe;ƙananan embrittlement hali bayan waldi idan aka kwatanta da tsarki ferritic bakin karfe, da kuma mataki na ferrite coarsening a cikin waldi zafi shafi yankin Shi ne kuma m, don haka da weldability ne mafi alhẽri.
Tun da irin wannan nau'in karfe yana da kyawawan kayan walda, preheating da postheating ba a buƙatar lokacin walda.Ya kamata a yi wa TIG siraran faranti, kuma matsakaici da kauri za a iya walda su ta hanyar waldar baka.Lokacin waldawa ta hanyar waldawar baka, yakamata a yi amfani da sandunan walda na musamman tare da irin wannan abun da ke ciki zuwa ƙarfe na tushe ko sandunan walda na austenitic tare da ƙananan abun ciki na carbon.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da na'urorin gami na tushen nickel don nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in Cr25.
Karfe-dual-phase suna da mafi girman rabo na ferrite, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da haɓakar ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfe na ferritic, irin su brittleness a 475 ° C, σ lokacin hazo embrittlement da ƙananan hatsi, har yanzu suna wanzu, kawai saboda kasancewar austenite.Ana iya samun wasu taimako ta hanyar daidaitawa, amma har yanzu kuna buƙatar kula lokacin walda.Lokacin welding Ni-free ko low-Ni Duplex bakin karfe, akwai hali ga ferrite-lokaci-guda da ƙwanƙwasa hatsi a cikin yankin da zafi ya shafa.A wannan lokacin, ya kamata a mai da hankali kan sarrafa shigar da zafin walda, kuma a yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ƙaramin halin yanzu, saurin walda, da ƙunƙunwar tashoshi.Da walƙiya da yawa don hana ƙwanƙwasa hatsi da hadi a cikin yankin da zafi ya shafa.Zazzabi na tsaka-tsakin bai kamata ya yi girma ba.Zai fi kyau a yi walƙiya ta gaba bayan sanyaya.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba 11-2023